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Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 100 years Background, causes, after effects and significance veritably many moments in the history of our sub-continent are as repulsive to flash back and yet as significant to history as the ignominious Jallianwala Bagh butchery. The horrendous incident of the brutal, cold- thoroughbred murder of 500 to 600 peaceful protestors at the hands of British imperialist rule is considered a dark chapter in the history of the Indian struggle for independence.
The Jallianwala Bagh butchery took place on April 13, 1919, when a group of peaceful protestors was plugged down in an enclosed demesne with only one exit. To commemorate the spirits of all the innocent lives lost in this incident, the Government of India erected a monument in 1951. A gallery was also opened in March 2019, known as Yaad-e-Jallian Museum, to put forth an authentic account of the butchery.
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BACKGROUND OF JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACARE
still, we need to understand that it was heavily dependent on the politics of that time, If we want to understand the root causes of the Jallianwala Bagh butchery.
- The British government was dealing with the growing nationalist swell among the people in India and, at the same time, fighting World War I in 1919.
- To crush the growing nationalist sentiments, the British Legislative Council in London in 1919 passed a controversial act, known as the Rowlatt Act, after recommendations from the Rowlatt Committee, headed by Sidney Rowlatt.
- Officially, the Rowlatt Act was known as the Anarchical Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919.
- As per the recommendations, two bills were introduced in the Central Legislature, which latterly came to be known as “Black Bills”.
- This controversial act gave the British tyrannical powers to arrest any individual living in British India and suspected of revolutionary conditioning for 2 times without trial or judicial review.
- The act was passed despite united opposition from the Indian Members of the Imperial Legislative Council.
SATYAGRAHA AGAINST ROWLATT ACT AND AMRITSAR
The tyrannical nature of the act caused discontent in the people, and when Mahatma Gandhi called for Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act, the response was really huge.
The movement and demurrers spread throughout the country, reaching Punjab as well, where the situation was about to explode.
In Lahore, the largest megacity of Punjab at the time, the number of protestors was so immense that it sounded like the whole megacity came out on the thoroughfares.
Numerous leaders abnegated from the Imperial Legislative Council, like Madan Mohan Malviya, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and Mazhar ul Haq.
The British Lieutenant– governor of Punjab, at the time, Michael O’Dwyer, was especially terrified about this, suspecting that a rebellion was imminent.
Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act was initiated on April 6, 1919.
Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr Satyapal commanded the demurrers in Amritsar, Punjab against the Rowlatt Act and inspired Hindu-Muslim concinnity among the millions.
Michael O’Dwyer, intending to crush the movement, ordered the arrest of Dr Saifuddin & Satyapal on April 9, 1919, which was carried out the coming day.
Fortified with the Rowlatt Act, the British Administration set out to annihilate the nationalist movement.
By April 13, 1919, the total of Punjab was under martial law and all public gatherings and meetings were banned.
It was the day of Baisakhi, and a considerable crowd had gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the arrest of Dr Saifuddin & Dr Satyapal after returning from the ardas at the Sri Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple).
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JALLIANWALA BAGH THE BUTCHERY
Reginald Dyer, the acting military commander of Amritsar, blazoned the ban on all public gatherings before on the day.
He got wind of a public gathering taking place in the Jallianwala Bagh by his original intelligence. He took to the Jallianwala Bagh with his colors and covered all the exits of the Bagh.
He ordered his colors armed with rifles to fire at the unarmed crowd. Rampant chaos spread throughout the crowd, with people trying to climb out of the Bagh.
It was recorded that 150 bodies were uprooted out of the well at the center of the Jallianwala Bagh.
The blasting continued for 10 to 15 twinkles and only stopped when the security was exhausted.
numerous people failed in the rush during the chaos, while numerous were fatally injured and could not get any medical attention due to the martial law, and succumbed to their injuries.
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A aggregate of,650 rounds were fired, and further than 500 people were killed and three times as numerous injured. Among the dead were men, women, the senior, and children as youthful as seven months old.
The total death risk is believed to be around 500 people, with 1500 injured.
AFTEREFFECT OF JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE AND UDHAM SINGH
The British Raj tried its absolute stylish to control the spread of information about the butchery. nonetheless, it spread throughout the nation like campfire. demurrers took place throughout the country in opposition to the British government.
- Two days after the butchery, martial law was assessed on Lahore, Amritsar, Gujranwala, Gujarat and Lyallpore.
- Rabindranath Tagore was deeply disturbed by the incident, and in an act of kick against the British, he renounced all the titles awarded to him, including his knighthood.
- also, Mahatma Gandhi relinquished his title of ‘ Kaiser-e-hind ’, bestowed on him by the British Raj.
- numerous British leaders like Winston Churchill and former Prime Minister H.H Asquith also blamed the butchery in the British Parliament.
- The Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, Michael O’Dwyer, heavily supported the conduct of Dyer.
- He believed that a rebellion was brewing against the British Raj in Punjab. He also approved of the butchery and was an integral part of the planning.
- On March 13, 1940, freedom fighter Udham Singh, who was present in the Bagh during the butchery and was injured as well, assassinated Michael O’Dwyer at the Caxton Hall in London.
- His conduct were also appertained to in the Times review, describing his conduct as” an expression of the pent- up fury of the down- trodden Indian People”.
- He was condemned of the assassination of Michael O’Dwyer and hanged him on July 31, 1940.
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LITERAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE
The Massacre at the Jallianwala Bagh is marked as the darkest chapter in the history of the Indian Independence Movement.
still, it was that this incident revealed how racist and prejudiced the British view was towards the Indian people, If any tableware- filling can be seen through this bloodshed.
The despotism of the Imperialist British was exposed, and numerous people were frighted by it.
- numerous centrists were disabused with the British, especially after witnessing how the lawbreakers nearly got down.
- The Hunter Commission was set up to probe the butchery. Yet, there was no severe discipline for the shamefaced.
- The main perpetrator of the butchery, Reginald Dyer, was simply let go of his current position in the army, turned down from a possible creation, barred from any employment in India, and no trial was held subsequently. He was relieved of his duties in 1920.
- He succumbed to complaint and failed in 1927.
also, the incident gave birth to numerous further youthful freedom fighters who went on to fight for the freedom of India.
ultimately, due to the stalwart struggle and immolation of similar freedom fighters, the British had to relinquish their rule over India on August 15, 1945, which they had conceited of ruling for centuries to come. The remembrance of this inhuman part of history will insure that our coming generations learn to stand up to injustice.